Choose Your Chinese Name

http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/dec/10/chinese-students-how-to-make-a-name‍

Many students of Chinese adopt a Chinese name. Emily Liedel shares her advice on how to find one that feels and sounds right ‍

You're looking for a name that will be with you for a long time, so do your research and take your time. Photograph: AP‍

Sponsored by:Emily Liedel‍

My first Chinese name was Ai Mili (艾米丽), a transliteration of "Emily". I hated it.

I was given it by a university official in Beijing as I registered for a summer language course. I thought the name sounded awful and I found it infantilising to be known exclusively by my first name. I wanted a name that sounded like a real Chinese name.

Five years later, when I was preparing to go to China again, I enlisted the help of a friend that was a native speaker and my Chinese teacher. This time, I wanted a name that expressed happiness and success, and something that sounded a little unique. After several tries, we decided on Li Xiyi (李熙怡).

English-speakers who study French, Spanish or Russian don't generally get a new name. But just as it's not unusual for Chinese people to take English names when they study English, many foreigners who study Chinese or live in China adopt a Chinese name.

So why is it important to get it right, what's in a name? Culture, custom and a rich history: in short, quite a lot. Chinese names are structured differently from names in English. Family names come first, and are only one syllable long. Given names – what we usually call first names – are either one or two characters long. So for example Mao Zedong's family name is Mao and his given name is Zedong. There are a very limited number of family names - the vast majority of Chinese people have one of the 100 most common surnames. Names that don't start with one of these surnames often won't be readily recognised as a personal name.

Names that sound like real Chinese names show a level of seriousness and respect towards Chinese culture and language. Adopting a Chinese name can also be an opportunity. Chinese parents often give children names that express hopes about the child's future, and in Chinese philosophy, a good name (usually based on factors such as the person's time and place of birth, and the family name) is considered critical to a person's success in life. Those studying the language can use their Chinese name to express their values, aspirations and even sense of humour.

Olle Linge, who writes a blog about learning Chinese, is known in Chinese as Ling Yunlong (凌云龙). Ling is a surname and also can mean "soaring" while Yunlong means "cloud dragon". The name was inspired by a Tai Chi Chuan movement that Linge particularly liked, called Cloud Dragon Playing in Water. The characters 凌云 also form the first half of an idiom that means "to have lofty aspirations".

Although Linge and I have names that we are satisfied with, it's near impossible for a foreigner to understand all the nuances a name might have. Is it the name of a villain in a classic novel? Is it unlucky or a homonym with an unlucky word? Does it just sound weird? I've been told that xi (熙) sounds Korean, and that it is hard to write because the character has too many strokes. Linge has had people tell him his name sounds like a character in a martial arts novel.

Not all native speakers will even agree on what is or is not a good name, so it's a smart move to get feedback from at least two native speakers before you decide on a name. If you are studying Cantonese or Mandarin and planning on creating a Chinese name, here's a few tips.

Be clear what you are aiming for

Your primary goal should be to have a name that sounds like it could be a real Chinese person's name, but you also want something that you identify with.

Choose your surname first

I would strongly encourage you to choose one of the 100 most common Chinese surnames. This ensures Chinese people will recognise your name as a person's name rather than a thing or a place.

Keep it short

Your full name should be two or three characters long. The surname is one character, and your given name can be either one or two characters long.

Ask for help

If you're only just thinking about getting a Chinese name, it's likely you are not an expert Chinese speaker yet. Even if you are, there are so many cultural nuances involved with finding an appropriate Chinese name that you should make sure to run any possibilities by at least two native speakers.

Don't name yourself after a celebrity

In China, it is considered extraordinarily immodest to name a child after a famous person, a taboo that has roots in imperial laws that forbade citizens from having the same name as the emperor.

Test several names

You're looking for a name that will be with you for the rest of your life, so take your time.

Share your name with your family

If members of your family are also sinophiles, it makes sense to share the same Chinese surname with them if you also share the same English surname, but it's not required. My sister and I have the same Chinese surname. Women in mainland China do not generally take their husband's name, so married couples don't need to have the same surname.‍

Baby Boom Rebalance America

Baby Boom Rebalance America‍

Baby boom rebalance America,and will make more free, equal and fair. Long associated in the popular mind with social and political change, the baby boomers are about to confront the biggest change in the American fabric in their lifetimes: our country's new demographics. And they're not ready.

The surge is not due to new immigrants coming to the United States - but instead stems from the immigrants who are already here having children, according to Brookings Institution demographer William Frey.

His new book, Diversity Explosion, recounts how falling white birth rates and rising birth rates for minorities will change way the United States of America looks - and votes - forever. 

Baby boom: By 2050, minorities will outnumber whites - thanks to shrinking birth rates for white families and growing birth rates non-whites

Go east, young man: Hispanics are moving rapidly from the southwest and California eastward and through the South (green dots)

Diverse Midwest: The Midwest, Florida and southeastern US have all also see a large increase in the Asian population

Integration by marriage: Biracial families will become dramatically more as more and more people find love outside their own races. Fifteen percent of all new marriages are multiracial 

There are already nearly as many non-white babies being born as white children, according to Census Bureau statistics. It's only a matter of time before minorities children outnumber white ones. 

The result, Frey tells the Atlantic, will be very similar to the Baby Boom after the Second World War - except this time it will be minority children being born.

'Back in the 1950s, we had a lot of Americans across the board in their childbearing years - we had all these babies,' he said. 

'Now, that's really only the case for some of the newer minorities.'

And it's not just cities that will be changing. The suburbs are already becoming more diverse and are likely to become progressively less white year after year. 

Between 2000 and 2010, the population of Hispanics in suburbs grew by more than eight million. Major cities added just three million Hispanics. 

Even among black Americans, the population of suburban dwellers is growing. In the last decade, the population of suburban blacks grew by three million and the population of urban blacks shrank by several hundred thousand. 

Mixed race: In the next 40 years, the number of mixed race Americans will nearly triple, the number of Asians will double and the number of whites will decline by six percent

Hispanics, blacks and Asians are all moving to the suburbs in greater numbers than whites

The influx of blacks to suburbs is also cutting the segregation in America as neighborhoods outside the city core become more diverse

Suburban sprawl: The number of blacks moving to suburbs has skyrocketed. Atlanta, Dallas, Houston, Miami and Washington, DC, are the top cities where black Americans leaving city centers

Headed back South: Two generations after black families fled segregation and poverty in the South, they are beginning to move back. The population of blacks in Atlanta has grown dramatically in recent decades

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2838092/How-baby-boom-Hispanic-Asian-black-children-going-reshape-country-make-whites-minority-2050.html‍

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/30/china-hong-kong-future-protesters-cry-democracy

China Is Hong Kong's Future – Not Its Enemy

Protesters cry democracy but most are driven by dislocation and resentment at mainlanders' success

Martin Jacques     The Guardian, Tuesday 30 September 2014 19.45 BST

Pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong on Tuesday. 'Hong Kong has lost its role as the gateway to China.' Photograph: Chris McGrath/Getty Images

 

The upheaval sweeping Hong Kong is more complicated than on the surface it might appear. Protests have erupted over direct elections to be held in three years' time; democracy activists claim that China's plans will allow it to screen out the candidates it doesn't want.

It should be remembered, however, that for 155 years until its handover to China in 1997, Hong Kong was a British colony, forcibly taken from China at the end of the first opium war. All its 28 subsequent governors were appointed by the British government. Although Hong Kong came, over time, to enjoy the rule of law and the right to protest, under the British it never enjoyed even a semblance of democracy. It was ruled from 6,000 miles away in London. The idea of any kind of democracy was first introduced by the Chinese government. In 1990 the latter adopted the Basic Law, which included the commitment that in 2017 the territory's chief executive would be elected by universal suffrage; it also spelt out that the nomination of candidates would be a matter for a nominating committee.

This proposal should be seen in the context of what was a highly innovative – and, to westerners, completely unfamiliar – constitutional approach by the Chinese. The idea of "one country, two systems" under which Hong Kong would maintain its distinctive legal and political system for 50 years. Hong Kong would, in these respects, remain singularly different from the rest of China, while at the same time being subject to Chinese sovereignty. In contrast, the western view has always embraced the principle of "one country, one system" – as, for example, in German unification. But China is more a civilisation-state than a nation-state: historically it would have been impossible to hold together such a vast country without allowing much greater flexibility. Its thinking – "one civilisation, many systems" – was shaped by its very different history.

In the 17 years since the handover, China has, whatever the gainsayers might suggest, overwhelmingly honoured its commitment to the principle of one country, two systems. The legal system remains based on English law, the rule of law prevails, and the right to demonstrate, as we have seen so vividly in recent days, is still very much intact. The Chinese meant what they offered. Indeed, it can reasonably be argued that they went to extremes in their desire to be unobtrusive: sotto voce might be an apt way of describing China's approach to Hong Kong. At the time of the handover, and in the three years I lived in Hong Kong from 1998, it was difficult to identify any visible signs of Chinese rule: I recall seeing just one Chinese flag.

Notwithstanding this, Hong Kong – and its relationship with China – was in fact changing rapidly. Herein lies a fundamental reason for the present unrest: the growing sense of dislocation among a section of Hong Kong's population. During the 20 years or so prior to the handover, the territory enjoyed its golden era – not because of the British but because of the Chinese. In 1978 Deng Xiaoping embarked on his reform programme, and China began to grow rapidly. It was still, however, a relatively closed society. Hong Kong was the beneficiary – it became the entry point to China, and as a result attracted scores of multinational companies and banks that wanted to gain access to the Chinese market. Hong Kong got rich because of China. It also fed an attitude of hubris and arrogance. The Hong Kong Chinese came to enjoy a much higher standard of living than the mainlanders. They looked down on the latter as poor, ignorant and uncouth peasants, as greatly their inferior. They preferred – up to a point – to identify with westerners rather than mainlanders, not because of democracy (the British had never allowed them any) but primarily because of money and the status that went with it.

Much has changed since 1997. The Chinese economy has grown many times, the standard of living of the Chinese likewise. If you want to access the Chinese market nowadays, why move to Hong Kong when you can go straight to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and a host of other major cities? Hong Kong has lost its role as the gateway to China. Where previously Hong Kong was China's unrivalled financial centre, now it is increasingly dwarfed by Shanghai. Until recently, Hong Kong was by far China's largest port: now it has been surpassed by Shanghai and Shenzhen, and Guangzhou will shortly overtake it.

Two decades ago westerners comprised the bulk of Hong Kong's tourists, today mainlanders account for the overwhelming majority, many of them rather more wealthy than most Hong Kong Chinese. Likewise, an increasing number of mainlanders have moved to the territory – which is a growing source of resentment. If China needed Hong Kong in an earlier period, this is no longer nearly as true as it was. On the contrary, without China, Hong Kong would be in deep trouble.

Understandably, many Hong Kong Chinese are struggling to come to terms with these new realities. They are experiencing a crisis of identity and a sense of displacement. They know their future is inextricably bound up with China but that is very different from embracing the fact. Yet there is no alternative: China is the future of Hong Kong.

All these issues, in a most complex way, are being played out in the present arguments over universal suffrage. Hong Kong is divided. About half the population support China's proposals on universal suffrage, either because they think they are a step forward or because they take the pragmatic view that they will happen anyway. The other half is opposed. A relatively small minority of these have never really accepted Chinese sovereignty. Anson Chan, the former head of the civil service under Chris Patten, and Jimmy Lai, a prominent businessman, fall into this category, and so do some of the Democrats. Then there is a much larger group, among them many students, who oppose Beijing's plans for more idealistic reasons.

One scenario can be immediately discounted. China will not accept the election of a chief executive hostile to Chinese rule. If the present unrest continues, then a conceivable backstop might be to continue indefinitely with the status quo, which, from the point of view of democratic change, both in Hong Kong and China, would be a retrograde step. More likely is that the Chinese government will persist with its proposals, perhaps with minor concessions, and anticipate that the opposition will slowly abate. This remains the most likely scenario.

An underlying weakness of Chinese rule has nevertheless been revealed by these events. One of the most striking features of Hong Kong remains the relative absence of a mainland political presence. The Chinese have persisted with what can best be described as a hands-off approach. Their relationship to the administration is either indirect or behind the scenes. Strange as it may seem, the Chinese are not involved in the cut and thrust of political argument. They will need to find more effective ways of making their views clear and arguing their case – not in Beijing but in Hong Kong.

 

 

Beautiful Trees In The World

From All Over The World, The Breathtaking Beautiful Trees. ‍

A Beautiful Tree ‍ From A Different Perspective In The World ‍ . ‍

The 125 - Year - Old Rhododendron‍ Tree , Canada.‍

The 144 - Year - Old Wisteria Tree: Covers 1990 Square Meters, The Distance As Installation Art, And Very Beautiful Dream , Japan‍.

 Wind Tree Inclined Wonders: I Didn't Think Long-Term Under Strong Wind Blowing, The Trees Are Grown Into Such A Strange Shape , New Zealand.

Enormous Maples Have The Feeling Of Fairy Tales , Portland‍.

Enormous Maples Have The Feeling Of Fairy Tales , Portland.‍‍‍

Baobab, Heard That Is Very Good At These Trees Stored Water Enough, There Was A Drought Can Come In Handy , Madagascar‍.

The Antarctic Beech: This Tree Is Native To Chile, If Have The Feeling Of The Tropical Forest.‍

Beautiful Maple Tree, The Maple Leaf Is Like A Natural Red Carpet, Is Very Beautiful , Oregon‍.

Oak Trees, The Trees Like The Next Second Will Start To Move , South Carolina‍.

 

Blooming Cherry Trees: I Didn't Think The Above Are Those Of Cherry Blossoms, If Walking In The Street Must Be Very Romantic , Born‍.

 

Giant Redwood: 73 Meters High, The Ground 28 Meters Circumference, Human In Front Of The Tree, Too Small , California‍.Dragon's Blood Tree Takes Its Name From Its Deep Red Juice, Can Be Used As A Dye, Or Paint A Violin. Looks Like A Huge Mushroom, Very Lovely , Yemen‍.‍

 

 Rainbow Eucalyptus: Besides Luxuriant Appearance, These Trees Is Material Of Paper Making , Hawaii‍.

The Angel Oak: There Are 20 Meters High, An Estimated 400 To 500 Years. This Tree Is Estimated As High As 400 Or 500 Years Old, Very Spectacular , South Carolina‍.

Phoenix Wood:Flamboyant Tree,Only In The Tropics, The Tree Is Very Popular , Brazil‍.

 

Violet Flowers To Hide The Sky, Like Natural Trails, So Beautiful , South Africa‍.

Grow Dark Hedge: 18th Century Planting‍, Because Of Unique Landscape, Appeared In The " Game Of Thrones" , Northern Ireland‍.

Grow Dark Hedge: 18th Century Planting, Because Of Unique Landscape, Appeared In The " Game Of Thrones" , Northern Ireland.‍

More>>> [Windwing]: Whole World "Ghost Different" Trees

              [Windwing]: Pakistan Grimace Trees

The Written Confessions By Shoji Nishinaga

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/45xy.htm

 

     Shoji Nishinaga

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Shoji Nishinaga(西永彰治)

　　According to the written confession of Shoji Nishinaga (alias Ryosuke Nakamura) in July 1954, he was born in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan in 1899. During the Japanese War of Aggression against China, he served successively as chief of the Japanese Yanjijian Island Dispatch Military Police and unit commander of the Kaifeng Japanese Military Police.

　　Major offences:

　　From August 1933 to March 1934:led the subordinate military police to kill 20 Communist guerrillas and anti-Japanese people "on the riverside under the Yanji Bridge in Yanji River region";

　　From autumn 1934 to early summer 1935:led the subordinate military police to kill 16 Communist guerrillas and anti-Japanese people "in Yanji River region along the north side of Tumen City";

　　Early summer 1939:in structed the subordinate military police to "give severe punishment (killing) to the 6 arrested Communist guerrillas and Kuomintang intelligence operators by sending them with trucks to a field near the streets of Tongzhou, Beijing";

　　From August 1939 to November 1940:while serving as unit commander of the Kaifeng Military Police, ordered the subordinate military police to kill 12 anti-Japanese Chinese patriots.

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Kiichi Kobayashi

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/44xl.htm

 

     Kiichi Kobayashi

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Kiichi Kobayashi(小林喜一)

　　According to the written confession of Kiichi Kobayashi in June 1954, he was born in Saitama Prefecture, Japan in 1895. During the Japanese War of Aggression against China, he was unit commander of the Mukden Military Police. On 20 August 1945, he was arrested by the Soviet Army in Shenyang.

　　Major offences:

　　Mid-November 1935:ordered the subordinates to send an arrested Chinese to the military surgeon for appendectomy experiment and later, "ordered the subordinates to kill with saber this person and another 3 (a total of 4) people on the riverside one kilometer to the north of Chifeng";

　　Early July 1936:ordered the subordinates to "kill 6 Chinese with saber on the riverside one kilometer to the north of Chifeng";

　　Early September 1936: ordered the subordinates to "kill with saber" 3 Chinese "on the riverside one kilometer to the north of Chifeng", and send another one by truck to Manchurian Railway's Chifeng Hospital, where "Director Kawasaki and another Japanese surgeon (the name is forgotten) injected poison into the person, killed him, dissected the body and buried the body in the hospital compound";

　　Mid-October 1936:ordered the subordinates to "kill with handguns" 3 Chinese patriots "on the riverside one kilometer to the north of Chifeng";

　　3 September 1937: ordered the subordinates to "shoot the 9" Chinese who were imprisoned in Zhangjiakou No.1 Prison, "in the grass about 100 meters from the south gate of the prison";

　　4 September 1937:ordered the subordinates to "shoot to death" two Chinese "on the grassland one kilometer to the east of Zhangjiakou";

　　15 September 1937:ordered the subordinates to "transport by a heavy truck" a Chinese captive "to the field two kilometers to the west of Datong and shoot the person dead there";

　　January 1944: sent the "useless""Soviet spies""in 'special transfer' to Ishii Unit in Harbin for bacteriological experiments";

　　11 August 1945: claiming that "the war is still going on and it is not appropriate to release these war-time enemies, so they should be disposed of before our retreat", killed the Chinese people who had not been released.

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Yukio Shimura

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/43zc.htm

 

     Yukio Shimura

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Yukio Shimura(志村行雄)

　　According to the written confession of Yukio Shimura in June 1954, he was born in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan in 1902. During the Japanese War of Aggression against China, he served as captain of the Hailar Japanese Military Police.

　　Major offences:

　　Around June 1944:arrested 4 or 5 people who tried to sabotage the coal mine and power station in Jalainur; "some of them were disposed of in special transfer and some were sent to the Procuratorate for sentencing";

　　Around 20 December 1944: Military Surgeon Matsumoto (name not very clearly remembered), Colonel of Ishii Unit in Harbin, came to Hailar for research on frostbite. People were escorted from the train station to the frostbite research center. "Whenever I received the notice that some people had been escorted to Hailar Station, I would order the Hailar Military Police Branch to escort them. I could not remember which military police unit had sent these people, but I remember there were 3 or 4 people sent here during the research period";

　　March 1945:"The Hailar Military Police Branch arrested a Communist Party member who was dispatched from Yanan. We disposed of this person in special transfer";

　　April 1945: "The Contingent of Sanhe Military Police arrested 3 Communists and disposed of them in special transfer";

　　Early July 1945:The Manzhouli Military Police Branch uncovered a case where a Chinese agent for the Soviet Consulate in Manzhouli set fire to the Japanese army in Manzhouli under the command of consular officers, and "the person was disposed of in special transfer";

　　18 August 1945:ordered the subordinates to "kill and bury in the military camp" the wounded Chinese people.

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Yoshio Mizoguchi

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/42gk.htm

 

    Yoshio Mizoguchi

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Yoshio Mizoguchi(沟口嘉夫)

　　According to the written confession of Yoshio Mizoguchi in August 1954 and June 1956, he was born in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan in 1910. In October 1933, he went to northeast China to take part in the War of Aggression against China. He was procurator of Harbin Local Procuratorate of the "Manchukuo".

　　Major offences:

　　From March to June 1943:"I sentenced 9 Chinese patriots to death penalty in Bayan. With another 4 dead in prison during the interrogation, I killed a total of 13 people";

　　May 1945:"I prosecuted 26 Chinese patriots" arrested for their assaulting the "Manchukuo" Police Department and "requested death penalty for 9 of them". The 9 people were executed on 10 July;

　　June 1945: "I prosecuted 30 Chinese patriots" who had been arrested "and requested death penalty for 3 of them." "From 10 to 13 August, the 3 Chinese patriots were executed in Daoli Prison of Harbin";

　　June 1945:prosecuted 35 captured people, including soldiers and officers of the 3rd Route Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army and anti-Japanese patriots, "requesting death penalty for 15 people, including Captain Sun Guodong, and over 15 years of imprisonment each for the other 20 people". "From 10 to 13 August of the same year, the 15 Chinese, including Captain Sun Guodong, were executed in Daoli Prison of Harbin."

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Shigesaku Nozaki

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/41yq.htm

 

    Shigesaku Nozaki

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Shigesaku Nozaki(野崎茂作)

　　According to the written confession of Shigesaku Nozaki in August 1954, he was born in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan in 1898. In 1931, he went to northeast China to take part in the War of Aggression against China. He served successively as sergeant of Munitions Factory Squad of Mukden Japanese Military Police and chief of Police Division in Huaide County.

　　Major offences:

　　From October to December 1931: led the subordinates to arrest a total of "15 soldiers of Zhang Xueliang's troops" on three occasions and "ordered the subordinate Sergeant Inoue to interrogate and torture them"; on 25 December, "shot them to death with handguns";

　　August 1932:led the subordinates to interrogate with torture 5 soldiers of Zhang Haipeng's troops in Mukden and shot them to death with handguns;

　　December 1932:led the military police to arrest and interrogate with torture 18 soldiers of Deng Tiemei's anti-Japanese troops in Zhuanghe County;"on the sand beach 500 meters to the north of the Zhuanghe County seat, instructed 15 military police to line up the 18 captives and shot them to death with carbines.";

　　December 1932: led the military police to arrest 5 anti-Japanese operators and Communist Party members in a village to the west of Dagushan and shot them to death after interrogation with torture;

　　February 1933:when serving as squad leader and sergeant of the Jilin Branch of Xinjing Military Police, led the subordinates to take 5 soldiers of Liu Dongbo's troops to a place 2 kilometers to the southwest of Jilin City and shot them to death;

　　June 1935: while serving in the local branch of Mukden Japanese Military Police, reported that 12 anti-Japanese soldiers of Li Du's troops were captured in Mishan County, who were then shot to death upon a superior order.

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Masao Horiguchi

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/40kk.htm

 

    Masao Horiguchi

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Masao Horiguchi(堀口正雄)

　　According to the written confession of Masao Horiguchi in August 1954, he was born in Tokyo, Japan in 1901. He went to northeast China to join the War of Aggression against China in 1937 and served successively as unit commander of Dunhua Branch of the Japanese Xinjing Military Police and colonel and commander of Jinzhou Military Police.

　　Major offences:

　　August 1937: had a captured anti-Japanese patriot of the Anti-Japanese United Army "escorted to the highland on Paotaishanto the west of Dunhua County, and then ordered the subordinate sergeant of military police to cruelly behead that person with Japanese sword";

　　From the end of 1938 to August 1939: after interrogating with torture the 8 captured Chinese patriots, "sent 3 of them in special transfer (special punishment) to Unit 731 in Harbin";

　　June 1939: after a Chinese was tortured to death while being interrogated by the subordinate military police, "ordered them to bury the body in the mountains at night";

　　August 1939:the subordinates shot a Chinese to death during an arrest, ordered them "to throw the body into Mudanjiang River at night";

　　From August 1942 to August 1943: arrested a total of 80 anti-Japanese people, "with the permission and instruction of the commander of the military police, 20 of them were sent to Unit 731 in Harbin".

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Shigeo Hachisuka

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/39fx.htm

 

   Shigeo Hachisuka

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Shigeo Hachisuka(蜂须贺重雄)

　　According to the written confession of Shigeo Hachisuka in December 1954, he was born in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan in 1896. In 1918, he went to the Japan-occupied Lvshun, China to serve as a policeman. He became colonel and regiment commander of the puppet Mukden Railway Security Police. He was arrested on 28 September 1945.

　　Major offences:

　　August 1933: led his subordinates to arrest armed Chinese patriots in Anshan, causing one Chinese to die of wound;

　　Early July 1943:sent people to arrest a young Chinese patriot who had assisted the Anti-Japanese Army in Songzhangzi Village, where they found people in a house refused to open the door, the subordinate secret agents "opened fire and an old man (the young man's father) in the house was shot to death".‍

‍

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Tetsuichi Uetsubo

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/38sp.htm

 

   Tetsuichi Uetsubo

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Tetsuichi Uetsubo(上坪铁一)

　　According to the written confession of Tetsuichi Uetsubo from May to July 1954, he was born in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan in 1902. In May 1933, he went to north China to take part in the Japanese War of Aggression against China. He was colonel and captain of the Japanese Military Police in Jining, Dong'an and Siping. He was arrested by the Soviet Army on 24 August 1945.

　　Major offences:

　　From August 1944 to February 1945: "ordered my subordinate unit commanders to arrest 9 underground anti-Japanese operators (whose names could not be remembered) in Jining, Pingyang and Dong'an regions; after interrogation with torture, 8 of them were sent in special transfer to Ishii Unit through the Secret Service of Harbin";

　　From September to October 1944:an arrested Chinese people (a Soviet spy) "was treated in 'special transfer'""sent to the military police in Harbin, which then sent him to Ishii Unit"; "the instruction on 'special transfer' was: applications should be made to the military police commander for 'those important spy-related (ideology) criminals and those with no potentials for future use to be sent in 'special transfer' to the military police in Harbin upon permission and order from the commander', and the military police in Harbin would send them to Ishii Unit for bacteriological research and experiment, that was what I heard from the chief of War Affairs Division of the Harbin Military Police";

　　November 1944: ordered Boli Detachment to arrest about 90 anti-Japanese underground operators, in April 1945, "sent 10 of them (whose names could not be remembered) in special transfer to Ishii Unit through the Secret Service in Harbin";

　　Early April 1945: sent 8 anti-Japanese people, who had been captured by Pingyang Detachment, "in 'special transfer' to the military police in Harbin, which then sent these people to Ishii Unit";

　　May 1945: sent 2 anti-Japanese people, arrested by Boli Detachment, "in special transfer to Ishii Unit";

　　"The above-mentioned Chinese people arrested during my terms as captain in Jining and Dong'an were all anti-Japanese patriots. I sent most of them to Ishii Unit to be used in the most inhuman bacteriological experiments";

　　"When I served as military police captain in Jining and Dong'an, I ordered my subordinate military policemen to arrest anti-Japanese underground operators. More than 150 were interrogated with severe torture. Among them, 44 were sent in special transfer to Harbin Ishii Unit and another 2 died in the interrogation with torture"; "There was indeed still a considerable number of cases which had not been confessed."‍

 

The Original Text Of The Written Confessions

Translation Of The Written Confessions (Chinese)

 

The Written Confessions By Hironoshin Fujiwara

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/37ty.htm

 

   Hironoshin Fujiwara

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Hironoshin Fujiwara(藤原广之进)

　　According to the written confession of Hironoshin Fujiwara from July to August 1954, he was born in Ehime Prefecture, Japan in 1897. In 1935, he went to northeast China and joined in Japan's War of Aggression against China. He served as unit commander of Japanese Military Police in Muleng, Tangyuan and Xinjing. He was arrested on 31 August 1945.

　　Major offences:

　　February 1936:captured "Zhuang Junzhe and another 9" anti-Japanese patriots in Banjiehe and other places, later, ordered the military police to "severely punish" (kill) 9 people on 15 March;

　　March 1938: "arrested""204 people" of"(the Communist Party's) North 'Manchukuo' Temporary Provincial Party Committee and Jidong Provincial Party Committee"; later, "68 were sent to Harbin Procuratorate for sentences", and "7 of them got death penalty";

　　Mid-April 1938: in suppressing the Anti-Japanese United Army in Tangyuan County, "arrested 4 peaceful residents" "I ordered my subordinates to kill 3 and I stabbed the 4th to death by myself with Yokogawa's bayonet";

　　Mid-March1944: sent the arrested "underground anti-Japanese patriot named Zhi to the Ishii Unitin Harbin".

 

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The Written Confessions By Yuichi Kashiwaba

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/36by.htm

 

    Yuichi Kashiwaba

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Yuichi Kashiwaba(柏叶勇一)

　　According to the written confession of Yuichi Kashiwaba from July to August 1954, he was born in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan in 1890. In 1932, he went to northeast China to join the War of Aggression against China and served successively as detachment captain of Hailun Military Police and director-general of Police Department in Fushun City of the "Manchukuo".

　　Major offences:                     

　　September 1941: while in Fushun, ordered the subordinate policemen to trace the 250 prisoner-laborers who fled Laohutai Coal Mine, after encircling the laborers, "shot some dead with handguns and arrested most of them";

　　In Fushun, ordered the subordinate policemen to "arrest a total of about 200 to 300 (in his confession written on 1 August 1954, the figure was changed to 50) beggars" "inside the city once or twice a year"; "beggars were sent to the mountains in Xingjing County by car" causing "some of them to die of poor health conditions";

　　September 1942: personally arranged for the "special isolation alert for epidemic areas" in Fushun Coal Mine, "97 people were isolated in the dormitory and 54 died"; "In Yongantai No.25 Isolation Station, there were no adequate supplies and the people in isolation were in poor health, and many of them were thrown into the iron ore furnace in the repair workshop and burnt to death."‍

 

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The Written Confessions By Torao Yoshifusa

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/35jf.htm

 

    Torao Yoshifusa

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Torao Yoshifusa(吉房虎雄)

　　According to the written confession of Torao Yoshifusa from July to August 1954, he was born in 1897. During Japan's invasion of China, he was captain of Dalian Military Police and lieutenant of Kanto Military Police Headquarters. He was arrested in Pyongyang in September 1945.

　　Major offences:

　　Early June 1932: while invading Ji'an, the artillery "opened fire towards civilians who were taking refugee outside the west gate";

　　Early June 1932: in Ji'an, the subordinate military police "arrested about 40 civilians inside the city, claiming that they were collaborating with the Anti-Japanese Army, and killed them by the riverside outside the west gate after interrogation with torture"; in mid and late June, "arrested and interrogated about 20 civilians inside Ji'an" respectively on two occasions for the same reason and "cruelly killed them by the riverside outside the west gate after interrogation with torture";

　　Early June: in Linjiang, the subordinate military police arrested "over 50 civilians inside the city, claiming that they were collaborating with the Anti-Japanese Army, killed the captives on the bank of the Yalu River near the southwest side of Linjiang after interrogation with torture"; in late June, "claiming that they were collaborating with the Anti-Japanese Army", "brutally killed over 40 civilians";

　　Late September 1932: in a village between Ji'an and Tonghua, the subordinate infantry "shot 30 bullets from the machine gun" and killed about 10 people, "while knowing clearly that they were civilians";

　　Mid-October 1932: the garrison brought two civilians from a village to the west of Ji'an, "after interrogation with torture, claiming that they were plotting with the Anti-Japanese Army", "ordered the garrison corporal to kill them on the riverside to the west of Ji'an";

　　Late October 1932: on the way "from Ji'an to Tonghua", instructed the subordinates to "shoot to death about 10 civilians who came from Tonghua for asylum".

 

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The Written Confessions By Shozo Tsukutani

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/34zg.htm

 

    Shozo Tsukutani

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Shozo Tsukutani(筑谷章造)

　　According to the written confession of Shozo Tsukutani in October 1954, he was born in Tottori Prefecture, Japan in 1894. During Japan's aggression against China, he served as chief of Secret Service Division, Shenyang Police Department and chief of Police Division, Police Department of Chengde, Rehe Province of the "Manchukuo".

Major offences:

　　April 1936: arrested 78 people, "interrogated them with most brutal acts such as bloating water into their body, beating, clamping their fingers together with iron bars in between, etc."; Later, 11 party members among them were sent to the Procuratorate and 4 were sentenced to death;

　　After June 1939: ordered the subordinates "to destroy 500 households (with 500 residents) and construct 10 tribal groups".

 

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The Written Confessions By Shigeta Kage

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/33lm.htm

 

      Shigeta Kage

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Shigeta Kage(鹿毛繁太)

　　According to the written confession of Shigeta Kage from August to November 1954, he was born in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan in 1899. During the Japanese imperialists' aggression against China, he served as chief instructor of Liuhe County Police Administration of the puppet Mukden Province and chief of Police Division of Police Bureau in Jinzhou City. Major offences:

　　May 1937: in Liuhe County, "sent 5 to 6 anti-Japanese armed guerrilla soldiers and staff" to the Japanese garrison army to be killed, and "I killed one of them with my Japanese sword";

　　From July 1936: in Liuhe County, "forced 2,500 (in the supplementary confession written on 20 November 1954, the number was changed to 6,500) households to move out of their houses (in order to construct depopulated zones); meanwhile, with the accusation of "entering the depopulated zone", "killed 8 peaceful Chinese residents".

 

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The Written Confessions By Saburo Shimamura

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/32dc.htm

 

   Saburo Shimamura

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Saburo Shimamura(岛村三郎)

　　According to the written confession of Saburo Shimamura in July 1954, he was born in Kochi Prefecture, Japan in 1908. In October 1934, he served as staff of Investigation Division of Mongolian and Tibetan Ministry of the "Manchukuo". In July 1945, he became chief of Investigation Division in Secret Service Department of the puppet Police Administration and concurrently chief of the 5th Division of the puppet Central Security Bureau.

　　Major offences:

　　Early February 1939: received intelligence that, "found an underground organization of the Communist Party in Yilan County", ordered Nakano, Chief of Police Division in Yilan County, to "arrest more than 100 people involved, after interrogation with torture, one patriot died from deterioration of enteropathy; another one was forced to commit suicide by jumping into the Songhua River during his transportation to Jiamusi";

　　August: "arrested over 60 Chinese patriots, after an interrogation with torture, over 17 of them were sent to the court and over 10 of them were sentenced to death";

　　October: the underground Communist Party of Tonghe County launched an insurgence in prison with the help of patriotic wardens inside the prison and the puppet regime; in order to suppress the uprising, "arrested more than 100 patriots who were determined to be involved in this case, more than 30 of them were sent to court, and I committed the crime of making over 10 of them sentenced to death";

　　November: since we found that some Soviet agents had stayed for two nights in a farmhouse near Shuipaozi, Tangyuan County, I sent police officer Kato to "arrest two peaceful people living in that house and interrogated them with torture, killing one of them";

　　From February to July 1941: during my term in Zhaozhou County, "arrested a total of about 200 patriots, 70 of them were sent to court and as many as 30 of them were sentenced to death".

 

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The Written Confessions By Mitsuaki Kimura

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/31mc.htm

 

     Mitsuaki Kimura

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Mitsuaki Kimura(木村光明)

　　According to the written confession of Mitsuaki Kimura from June to July 1954, he served as lieutenant captain of the Japanese Garrison Army in Handan, Hebei in January 1939. From November 1944 to 1945, he was captain of Boli County Military Police Branch of the "Manchukuo".

　　Major offences:

　　March 1939: "searched and investigated" ordinary Chinese people in Handan County Seat, willfully "arrested two suspects and sent them to Sergeant Oshima of the attached Military Police";

　　March 1942: led and instructed Gubeikou Military Police "to arrest about 30 underground operators of the Eighth Route Army" in Shixia Township, Miyun County, and "ordered Unit Commander Sato to interrogate them on the spot"; in April, in Xinglong County, "arrested about 150 underground operators of the Eighth Route Army in Liudaohezi and about 130 of them were put into prison";

　　January 1943: "instructed the military police of Xifengkou… to arrest about 150 underground operators of the Eighth Route Army at Jiuhuling"; after interrogation, "70 were handed in and 7 died during the interrogation with torture";

　　September: instructed the military police of Xifengkou to "arrest about 50 underground operators of the Eighth Route Army in a place 8 kilometers to the west of Xifengkou, Qinglong County; meanwhile, arrested another 30 in a place 4 kilometers to the west of Tiemenguan; I ordered Unit Commander Kasai to conduct the interrogation";

　　In the same year, ordered the military police to barbarously drive away the peasants who lived separately, tear down their houses, "forced them to relocate to existing villages" and "formed several depopulated zones in Xinglong, Qinglong, Luanping and Kharatsin Middle Banner of Rehe Province";

　　From May 1941 to October 1944: "I arrested about 80 patriotic soldiers of the Eighth Route Army in about 30 cases in the Chengde Military Police Headquarters; …and combined with the previous memory, an estimated total number of 163 captives were sent to the Procuratorate";

　　April 1945: claiming that a businessman in Jining County in the puppet Donganhe Administration was an agent of the Soviet Union, arrested his daughter aged about 20 for interrogation and forced her to serve as a servant in my home. In July, when my wife was not home and "I was sexually stimulated on seeing her……I raped her once." and from then on, she had been occupied by me for a long time;

 

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The Written Confessions By Hisajiro Tai

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/30tj.htm

 

     Hisajiro Tai

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Hisajiro Tai(田井久二郎)

　　According to the written confession of Hisajiro Tai in July 1954, he was born in Kochi Prefecture, Japan in 1903. In September 1933, he served as affiliated officer of Secret Agent Division under Police Force of North "Manchukuo" Special District Government Office. In April 1944, he became chief of Secret Service Division of Police Department and chief of Police Office in Qiqihar, the puppet Longjiang Province of the "Manchukuo".

　　Major offences:

　　From November 1942 to March 1943:while in office in Baicheng County, Longjiang Province, "often in the name of 'officiating' and 'searching', 'arrested, detained and interrogated' about 15 peaceful Chinese people every month";

　　From January to April 1944:"found, arrested and interrogated" about 200 Chinese patriots in Qingping County"; during the term in the Police Department in Rehe Province, "special search teams of all counties 'found and arrested' about 4,000 anti-Japanese patriots", "killing about 500 members of the Eighth Route Army and the Communist anti-Japanese armed forces" and "killing about 100 anti-Japanese patriotic people and ordinary Chinese civilians".

 

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The Written Confessions By Takeo Utsugi

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/29yj.htm

 

     Takeo Utsugi

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Takeo Utsugi(宇津木孟雄)

　　According to the written confession of Takeo Utsugi from July to September in 1954, he was born in Chiba Prefecture, Japan in 1895. In 1934, he was an advisor to the "Manchukuo" Military Police. In July 1942, he became manager of Xinjing Xingya Industry Company. On 20 December 1945, he was arrested in Changchun by the Soviet Army.

　　Major offences:

　　November 1937:sent "a Chinese patriot who was sentenced to death" and detained by the Xinjing Military Police to Xinjing No. 2 Army Hospital "for pathological experiments"; "At that time, as I was just about to go on a business trip by car, I helped to send Corporal Tamura and the detainee to the hospital";

　　January 1938: in order to do pathological experiments on live bodies, "I ordered Warrant Officer Ando and Corporal Tamura to send a prisoner sentenced to death to Xinjing No. 2 Army Hospital and give him to a military surgeon, Captain Ono";

　　November: in order to do pathological experiments on live bodies, "ordered Warrant Officer Ando and Corporal Tamura to send another prisoner sentenced to death, a Chinese patriot detained by the Unit, to Xinjing No. 2 Army Hospital, and give him to a military surgeon, Captain Ono"; in the same month, "arrested 7 Chinese patriots and 6 of them were sent to the Procuratorate…one was sentenced to death for murder and robbery, and later sent to Xinjing No. 2 Army Hospital for experiments".

 

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The Written Confessions By Hitoshi Imayoshi

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/28jj.htm

 

     Hitoshi Imayoshi

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Hitoshi Imayoshi(今吉均)

　　According to the written confession of Hitoshi Imayoshi in June 1954, he was born in Oita Prefecture, Japan in 1906. In 1932, he worked in the Instruction Department of Japanese Mukden Autonomous Government. He became the Director of Police Department of the puppet Longjiang Province in 1943.　

　　Major offences:　

　　August 1932: in order to suppress the anti-Japanese movement, "mobilized 500 policemen and 800 members of the Self-Defense Forces", "arrested 6 patriots in a place 2 kilometers outside the west gate of Changtu County seat" and put them into prison, later they were all killed successively. In early November, near Changtu Station, ordered Japanese policemen, "to behead a Chinese peasant by Japanese sword";　

　　Mid-February 1933:arrested 22 or 23 anti-Japanese people around Liangzhongqiao and Tongjiangkou areas; in early March, ordered to have the 14 people, including Tian Wang, who was Commander Tian Zhendong's father, and Chief of Staff Zhu Xiaofei,"shot to death in the open space to the south of Changtu County seat";　

　　May: went to work in the puppet Rehe Interim Government and during this term, "assisted the police department in suppressing the people and cultivating poppies for Civil Affairs Bureau to produce opium" to poison the Chinese people;　

　　August 1935:took part in Japanese military action of rectifying public order in Zhuhe County, arrested a young Chinese in a village and "beheaded him in a soybean field"; later, arrested another 5 young Chinese in a village and killed them successively with saber; burned down "houses of 540 households, making over 3,000 residents homeless and hopeless" in different cases;　

　　1943:"set up a correction and instruction institution in Kangtai, Longjiang Province" and successively "sent about 2,100 anti-Japanese and anti-"Manchukuo" Chinese patriots to the institution" and "forced them to do labor work, causing many of them to die";　

　　September 1943:"secretly arrested a Chinese", who was later injected to death after the interrogation with torture failed, and his body was thrown into Nenjiang River;　

　　February 1944:arrested anti-Japanese people, "arrested two people in Jingxing County and one in Taonan County", in June, "arrested 42 patriots" and sent them to the prison in Qiqihar, where one of them was tortured to death.

 

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The Written Confessions By Yohei Kibe

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/27qb.htm

 

      Yohei Kibe

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Yohei Kibe(岐部与平)

　　According to the written confession of Yohei Kibe in July 1954, he was born in Oita Prefecture, Japan in 1895. In June 1921, he served as officer of the Japanese Kwantung Government and chief of Finance Division of the puppet Dalian Civil Affairs Bureau. He became director-general of Social Welfare Department of the "Manchukuo" in April 1944. On 26 October 1945, he was arrested by the Soviet Army in Changchun.　

　　Major offences:　

　　After June 1939:while being governor of the puppet Andong Province, ordered to use "about 47,000" Chinese people as laborers, some of them "got sick or died due to bad living conditions" and "15 people died"; 　

　　From 1939 to 1941:introduced 14 "Japanese pioneer immigration teams", altogether 650 households, into Mishan, Linkou, Hulin and Baoqing counties, taking the Chinese people's land by force; 　

　　1941:sold "676,000 liang (1 liang = 50 gram)" of opium to the Chinese people "inside the Donganhe region"; 　

　　From September 1942 to 31 March 1944:during the term of governor of the puppet Jiandao Province of the "Manchukuo", ordered to "use 15,000" Chinese laborers to build roads for the military use of the Japanese Kwantung Army; 　

　　April 1943:to construct the airport in Yanji County, "in the name of military request, ordered Yanji County to expropriate 10 hectares of private land, affecting 3 families with15 people"; 　

　　From 1942 to 1943:conscripted the Chinese people in areas under the administration, "conscripted a total of 12,000 Chinese people, and those in the prime years and were not conscripted were forced to join the labor teams according to law; during my term of office, I used around 12,000 able-bodied men every year, who did the same work as ordinary laborers"; I also sold "about 350,400 liang (1 liang = 50 gram)" of opium to the Chinese people in areas under the administration."

 

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The Written Confessions By Hiroshi Hara

http://61.135.203.68/rbzf/26yh.htm

 

      Hiroshi Hara

 

Abstract Of The Written Confessions In English

 

Hiroshi Hara(原弘志)

　　According to the written confession of Hiroshi Hara in June 1954, he was born in Okayama Prefecture, Japan in 1895. In March 1933, he went to northeast China to take part in the War of Aggression against China, serving successively as guard division chief of Inspection Department, and major general and chief of staff of the Railway Security Police Forces of the "Manchukuo". He was arrested in September 1945.

　　Major offences:

　　19 May 1937: "ordered my subordinate Company to search civilian houses in Tangyuan City and cross-examined the Chinese people there. One of my soldiers shot a Chinese (boy), seriously wounding his head, which was determined to be the cause of his  death";

　　After July 1943:as a member of Southwest Defense Committee, took part in the decision of the suppression meeting in Rehe area of mobilizing all suppression forces to assault, arrest and suppress the Eighth Route Army and peaceful Chinese people; in September and October alone, "during the two large-scale assaults", "arrested about 1,000 anti-Japanese operators and anti-Japanese people across Rehe Province, 500 of them were sent after interrogation to Chengde Branch of Jinzhou High Procuratorate";"when arresting and interrogating these people, ghastly atrocities were committed on peaceful Chinese people, such as killing, wounding, burning, destroying and torturing (bloating water or kerosene oil into the stomach, carrying heavy stones and scalding with fire-tongs)".

 

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